Black Chemists - African American History

Black scientists, engineers, and inventors have made important contributions to the science of chemistry. Learn about black chemists and chemical engineers and their projects. The focus is on African American chemists in the 19th and 21st centuries. Key Takeaways: Black Chemists African Americans have made significant contributions to the fields of chemistry and chemical engineering through research and inventions.In the 21st century, black scientists, engineers, and inventors continue to innovate. However, in the 19th and 20th century, it was much harder for their work to get recognized. Patricia Bath - (USA) In 1988, Patricia Bath invented the Cataract Laser Probe, a device that painlessly removes cataracts. Prior to this invention, cataracts were surgically removed. Patricia Bath founded the American Institute for the Prevention of Blindness. George Washington Carver - (1864-1943) George Washington Carver was an agricultural chemist who discovered industrial uses for crop plants such as sweet potatoes, peanuts and soybeans. He developed methods for improving soil. Carver recognized that legumes return nitrates to the soil. His work led to crop rotation. Carver was born a slave in Missouri. He struggled to gain an education, eventually graduating from what was to become Iowa State University. He joined the faculty of Tuskegee Institute in Alabama in 1986. Tuskegee is where he performed his famous experiments. Marie Daly - (1921–2003) In 1947, Marie Daly became the first African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in chemistry. The majority of her career was spent as a college professor. In addition to her research, she developed programs to attract and aid minority students in medical and graduate school. Mae Jemison - (Born 1956) Mae Jemison is a retired medical doctor and American astronaut. In 1992, she became the first black woman in space. She holds a degree in chemical engineering from Stanford and a degree in medicine from Cornell. She remains very active in science and technology. Percy Julian - (1899-1975) Percy Julian developed the anti-glaucoma drug physostigmine. Dr. Julian was born in Montgomery, Alabama, but educational opportunities for African Americans were limited in the South at that time, so he received his undergraduate degree from DePauw University in Greencastle, Indiana. His research was conducted at DePauw University. Samuel Massie Jr. - (Died May 9, 2005) In 1966, Massie became the first black professor at the U.S. Naval Academy, making him the first black to teach full-time at any US military academy. Massie received a masters degree in chemistry from Fisk University and a doctorate in organic chemistry from Iowa State University. Massie was a professor of chemistry at the Naval Academy, became the chairman of the department of chemistry and co-founded the Black Studies program. Garrett Morgan - Garrett Morgan is responsible for several inventions. Garret Morgan was born in Paris, Kentucky in 1877. His first invention was a hair straightening solution. October 13, 1914 he patented a Breathing Device which was the first gas mask. The patent described a hood attached to a long tube that had an opening for air and a second tube with a valve that allowed air to be exhaled. On November 20, 1923, Morgan patented the first traffic signal in the U.S. He later patented the traffic signal in England and Canada. Morgan invented the zig-zag stitching attachment for manual sewing machines. Norbert Rillieux - (1806-1894) Norbert Rillieux invented a revolutionary new process for refining sugar. Rillieux’s most famous invention was a multiple effect evaporator, which harnessed steam energy from boiling sugarcane juice, greatly reducing refining costs. One of Rillieuxs patents was initially declined because it was believed he was a slave and therefore not a US citizen. However, Rillieux was free. Charles Richard Drew - (1904-1950) Drew is called the Father of the Blood Bank. As a surgeon, he pioneered research into the use and preservation of blood and plasma in World War II. His techniques for blood storage were adapted by the American Red Cross. St. Elmo Brady - (1884-1966) Brady was the first African American to receive a Ph.D. in chemistry in the United States. He earned his degree in 1912 from the University of Illinois. After receiving his degree, Brady became a professor. He taught chemistry at historically black universities. Henry Aaron Hill - (1915-1979) Hill became the first African American president of the American Chemical Society in 1977. In addition to numerous accomplishments as a researcher, Hill founded Riverside Research Laboratories, which specialized in polymers.

The Consequences Of Raising Minimum Wage - 1354 Words

The Consequences of Raising Minimum Wage Many minimum wage workers are pushing for an increase in the lowest amount that they can legally get compensated per each hour worked. When it comes to raising the minimum wage, people do not take in consideration all the things that could happen as a result of it being increased. Raising the minimum wage could have a disastrous effect on businesses that have a large amount of unskilled workers. These businesses would have to increase not only their minimum wage workers but the wages of all levels of employees. Almost all businesses have minimum wage workers. Therefore, almost all goods and services could increase in price. Everything from food, to games, to toys, and even living expenses would rise in price. Minimum wage should not be increased because people want it to be raised. Increasing the minimum wage would not be beneficial because it would result in an increase in the price of goods and services, result in the reduction in the number of jobs offered to unskilled work ers, and cause complacency in the workforce. First off, inflation is defined as a general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money. If the minimum wage were to be raised, it would make the prices of everything else raise as well. Also, the value of the dollar bill would decrease. For example, a candy bar that cost a dollar could increase in price to a dollar and fifty cents. â€Å"The upshot of all this: first, any inflation generated by anShow MoreRelatedMcdonald s And The Minimum Wage993 Words   |  4 PagesMCDONALD’S AND THE MINIMUM WAGE Introduction Minimum wage has always been, and will probably always be, a controversial topic. Some believe raising the minimum wage is the solution to poverty, while others believe that raising the minimum wage is a recipe for â€Å"killing† jobs. This age old debate has come to the forefront recently as the â€Å"Fight for $15† by fast-food workers continues to grow. The campaign’s core argument is that the billion-dollar companies in the fast-food industry can afford toRead MoreRaising The Minimum Wage Increase On Employment And Family Income Essay877 Words   |  4 PagesRaising the minimum wage America’s economy is built upon the free enterprise system which operates according to five principles: the freedom to choose our businesses, right to private property, profit motive, competition, and consumer freedom. This system allows pricing of goods and services and employee wages to be determined by the market. Raising the minimum wage will adversely affect the pricing of consumer goods and employee wages and can temporarily disrupt our economic system. According toRead MoreBenefits Of Raising The Minimum Wage908 Words   |  4 PagesIn our modern society one of the seemingly least controversial topics is the minimum wage. The popular opinion wants to raise the minimum wage, but is the popular opinion always right? Throughout recent years, politicians have made promises to raise the minimum wage to help low-income earners live a better life. Contrary to popular belief, raising the minimum wage actually hurts low-income earners and low-skilled workers. We must first define a low-skilled worker. A low-skilled worker does not meanRead MoreThe High Cost Of Minimum Wage929 Words   |  4 Pageshigh cost of minimum wage For a while now many have been demanding minimum wage be brought up to 15 dollars. Strikes and protests for it are nothing new. Who wouldn t want to get paid more? This idea seems promising, but it may turn into a deadly trap ready to paralyze our economy. Minimum wage should not be raised to 15 dollars for at least several years because it will ruin our economy. It would be very costly, unfair and counterproductive if that were to happen. Raising minimum wage to 15 dollarsRead MoreBenefits Of Raising Minimum Wage1291 Words   |  6 Pages In recent years, the demand for an increased minimum wage has erupted across the nation. During the ongoing debate, a few states, cities, counties, and companies have taken the initiative to raise the minimum wage of $7.25 per hour to the varying wages of $7.50-$11.50 per hour. According the United States Labor Department, 29 states and the District of Columbia pay above the minimum federal level of $7.25 per hour. The raising of the minimum wage has numerous supporters; however, there are individualsRead MoreRaise Wages Not Expenses1680 Words   |  7 PagesJanuary 2016 Raise Wages Not Expenses The image of the American dream is one that is known around the globe. For a couple hundred years, it has inspired individuals and families to start fresh and hit it big in the United States. That dream, however, may be more far fetched than people think. If they are fortunate enough to find a job, they will quickly realize that the starting national minimum wage is not enough to support a family in our economy. Raising the minimum wage, is an option, butRead MoreMinimum Wage Is The Lowest Payment Permitted By Law Or Special Agreement882 Words   |  4 PagesMinimum Wage Minimum wage is the lowest payment permitted by law or special agreement (labor union). Minimum wage jobs are normally designated for young adults or teens. It does not really permit a suitable living wage for a person with a family. The jobs with minimum wage are learning positions. They enable the worker to gain skills for higher paying jobs. Raising the minimum wage presents a series of advantages and disadvantages to the worker and the economy. Minimum wage was introduced in 1938Read MoreMinimum Wage And Philosophical Theories1374 Words   |  6 PagesMinimum Wage and Philosophical Theories Ethical Egoist There are three different positions suggested on the issue of the minimum wage in the United States. First one is that it is best to not have any minimum wage and let the employers and employees decide. Second, the current minimum wage should not change and stay the same as it is. Third suggestion is that the U.S. should raise up the minimum wage up to certain about such as $15 an hour. Ethical egoism suggests that he or she has to makeRead MoreA Brief Note On Raising Minimum Wage1088 Words   |  5 PagesBrendan Mason Mrs. Scruggs 08/07/15 Raising minimum Wage There is always talk about the problems of North Carolina’s economy, and these problems then become publicized and put throughout the media, informing people on the condition of their state’s economy. A popular topic lately is the state’s minimum wage, and whether it should be raised or if we should keep the current minimum wage. Usually, opinions vary on what to do about minimum wage, however there certainly seems to be a larger group ofRead MoreRaising Minimum Wage Means Raising American Concern760 Words   |  3 Pagescrazy when they first heard President Obama proposal to raise the minimum wage hourly pay from $7.25 an hour to $10.10 an hour. These people think that they are going to get more money in their pockets with a higher hourly wage. These people are clueless. They do not know the consequences that come with raising the minimum wage. Many people that work a minimum wage paying job are teenagers and young men and women, but higher minimum wages woul d make it harder for these teenagers to find jobs because

Reconsidering Legal Capacity and Critiques †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Reconsidering Legal Capacity and Critiques. Answer: Introduction Restorative justice is significant to create a mutual understanding between the criminal and victims. This essay presents the concept related to Restorative Justice in context of Australia. It also discusses the strength and critics of Restorative Justice in Australia. Restorative justice is the philosophy of justice, which demonstrates the injury begun by illegal performance. It is a legislative and court allotted structure where the illegal justice system concentrates on integrating criminals. It is performed by making a settlement between criminal, victims and the community. Additionally, it can also be stated that the Restorative justice direct to alteration in the behaviour of individuals and groups (Bruce, 2013). As per the evaluation of Restorative justice system, it is addressed that criminal court is emphasized on the victim rather than criminal consequently court is enabled to reduce the level of crime due to less strict penalties. It is argued that the uses of Restorative justice are beneficial within the Australian country for criminal as well as community and victims. Restorative justice is significant for the community due to decline recidivism, enhance security, cost efficiency, and robust group. The Restorative justice is supportive to decline the recurrence crimes which are beneficial for community and victims. Moreover, it is examined that when Australian communities forgive to their offender for their illegal behaviour then the probability of occurring these activity would be declined (Camilleri, et al., 2013). Moreover, an individual who is criminal have the opportunity to perform appropriately by describing the whole process of incidents wherein experts are able to lead the criminal to make offense free life. At the same time, the low replication of illegal behaviour makes the harmless community, which would be effective for communities to stay stress free lives. The implementation of Restorative justice is encouraging the person to create safety within their areas consequently it makes more enjoyable places for living (Cashmore, 2013). According to the Connolly (2013), the community justice should try to make efficient citizenship to improve the safety level for community as well as develop wellbeing areas for them. Therefore, volunteering is used to develop robust and organized communities together with enhancing the social connections within the communities. Restorative justice is effective to empower the victims by providing facility to make open discussion with criminals. Additionally, criminal court provides the opportunity to victim for freely discussion and interaction with an individual who have injured to them. Moreover, victims participate in whole process due to getting the appropriate result of incident. Hence, the needs of victims are approved and measured by the justice team which provides them a vocal sound decision. As well as, they provide an effective structure for interacting with criminals (Daly, 2016). It is also addressed that the Restorative justice supports to victims for getting higher satisfaction by providing them a sound decision. By using the Restorative justice, Australian victims are able to justify their incident issue together with identifying the whole process about their injury. At the same time, they would be enabled to know about why the criminal will get compensation for their illegal activity. Additionally, Restorative justice satisfies to large number of victims by solving their problem regarding material possessions and calmness. Hence, victims would be enabled to easily move forward from their case and move back on their daily survives (Braithwaite, 2014). The criminal can get different benefits by using the restorative justice such as getting opportunity to freely communicate about their illegal activity, and can get the resolution on time with higher success rate. The Restorative justice helps to an individual who has a big role for harming other person in case they show regret for their illegal activities. As a result, it would be beneficial for both criminals as well as sufferers. In addition, criminal will enable to discuss about the whole incident with this justice system and can appeal to get compensation. Consequently, it can be stated that the uses of restorative justice is beneficial due to solving the criminal issues on the specified time. In oppose to this, criminal is liable for deteriorating to community and they cannot get compensation in case they did not show their regret behaviour (McElrea, 2013). It is argued that the implementation of Restorative justice in Australia can create certain issues such as complexity in decision making, integrating the aim, concept, procedure into the existing illegal justice structure. Through restorative justice, sometimes offenders face victimizing effects when interacting with victims. Hence, it can be illustrated that such situation can create the complexity to take appropriate decision (Mills, et al., 2013). It is also stated that when victims have faced interpersonal violence then they could take decision-related to the settlement. Although, it could be possible in some cases but a large number of victims demand to punish the criminal for their harmful activity. Thus, it creates difficulty to implement the restorative justice within such kind of cases. Moreover, uses of restorative justice can arise biasness due to offering safety to only victims regarding the physically and psychologically risk (Nikolakis, et al., 2014). The informality nature comes by bias justice structure, which can be reduced by stopping the appropriate protections and defenses for the particular victim. Moreover, the on-going power should be provided to both parties because it will decline the disparities between victims and criminal. The law expert has confirmed that the restorative justice can be used to manipulate the justice procedure and eliminate the crimes. Since, it provides the opportunity to criminal to appeal and discussion on the front of victims for their harmful activity (Payne, et al., 2015). The existing justice system is better than the Restorative justice system because this process is relied on free agreement to follow the resolution process at the time of justice delivery. In addition, the Restorative justice system may pressurize to victims for using this system in case they gave the preference to the public interfere regarding their incidents. At the same time, it is very difficult for the victims to easily forgive the criminal for their harmful acts. Similarly, Restorative justice system may also face issues to motivate both criminal and victim for settlement (Reimer, 2017). In Australia, different sources of justice structure have been more successful because they did not want to use the Restorative justice delivery system due to its limitation. The main issue of the restorative justice system is that this structure is more concentrates on the fulfillment of needs related to victims, offender, and societal group instead of penalizing the offender for their crime. The difference between this justice system and other is that the Restorative justice system treats offended as an activity dedicated in oppose to the societal community (Shapland, 2014). Moreover, several experimental acts have significantly been accepted and extended due to complexities in the specified region. However, many pilot activities are not accepted across the Australia due to getting the unfavourable outcome. Therefore, it can be said that there is lack of Restorative system in the Australia due to its higher cost (Tsui, 2014). It is argued that that several problems regarding the application of the Restorative justice system has been faced by the communities. These are a lower level of referral taxes, lack of ethnic session convenors, and a large volume of youth are deteriorating to perform for meetings. Another problem is lack of consciousness between the ethnic communities, and the Restorative justice regarding the potential advantages (Vaandering, 2014). The communities can try to decline such issues by enhancing the ethnic significance of the restorative justice activities, using a series of habits, involving the participation of specified community like associates and heads. Additional research is needed to greatly understand the restorative justice for determining its effect on the cultural and minor age communities in Australia (Ward, et al., 2014). The cash flow issue is another significant factor which affects the application of Restorative justice structure. Since, there is need of the huge amount of cash to organise the program related to justice, which can create the problem for both victims as well as criminal. Additionally, the specified cash is required for accomplishing the whole process of justice delivery, which is difficult for victim to successfully arrange the whole amount. Therefore, it can be said that the cash flow is a major issue for community, victims, and criminals because it has negative impact on the Restorative justice delivery system (Weller, 2014). Conclusion As per the above discussion, it can be concluded that the application of Restorative justice could be beneficial for both offender and victims. From the application of the Restorative justice, criminal can again start their life to new phase. Because, the Restorative justice system provides an opportunity to the criminal for explaining whole process of case and interacting with victims for regretting their harmful activity. At the same time, it can also be examined that such process can be significant to obtain the appropriate outcome. Finally it can be summarized that the application of Restorative justice can be appropriate in in solving the issue of both criminal and victims. But, it is also examined that the Restorative justice system cannot be significant for the victims, offenders, and community due to biasness and dissimilar behaviors towards the incident. In addition, it can be illustrated that the restorative justice system identifies the criminal activity as a normal act, which makes it different from the other justice system. Therefore, victims prefer to take another source of justice for getting favourable decision. Moreover, it determines some significant factors such as expensive ensuing pilot activities, and cash flows issues. Others are rights of the safe guard and suitability and significance in cultural and ethnic groups. These factors can directly affect the restorative justice system at the time of making decision. References Braithwaite, J. (2014). SPECIAL ISSUE: Evidence for Restorative Justice.The Vermont Bar Journal,40(2), pp. 18-22. Bruce, J. (2013). Understanding Back Stage and Front Stage Work in Restorative Justice Conferences: The Benefits of Using Ethnographic Techniques.Current Issues Crim. Just.,25, P. 517. Camilleri, P., Thomson, L., McArthur, M. (2013). Needs or deeds? Child protection and youth justice in the Australian Capital Territory.Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law,35(2), pp. 193-206. Cashmore, J. (2013). Juvenile justice: Australian court responses situated in the international context. InAustralia's Children's Courts Today and Tomorrow, 4(3), pp. 197-207. Connolly, M. (2013). Care and protection: Australia and the international context. InAustralia's Children's Courts Today and Tomorrow, 3(2), pp. 187-196. Daly, K. (2016). What is restorative justice? Fresh answers to a vexed question.Victims offenders,11(1), pp. 9-29. McElrea, F. (2013). Restorative justice as a procedural revolution: some lessons from the adversary system.Civilizing Criminal Justice: An International Restorative Agenda for Penal Reform, 3(2), P.81. Mills, L. G., Barocas, B., Ariel, B. (2013). The next generation of court-mandated domestic violence treatment: A comparison study of batterer intervention and restorative justice programs.Journal of Experimental Criminology,9(1), pp. 65-90. Nikolakis, W., Grafton, R. Q. (2014). Fairness and justice in indigenous water allocations: insights from Northern Australia.Water Policy,16(S2), pp. 19-35. Payne, A. A., Welch, K. (2015). Restorative justice in schools: The influence of race on restorative discipline.Youth Society,47(4), pp. 539-564. Reimer, K. (2017). An exploration of the implementation of Restorative justice in an Ontario public school.Canadian Journal of Educational Administration and Policy, 2(1), P. 119. Shapland, J. (2014). Implications of growth: Challenges for restorative justice.International Review of Victimology,20(1), pp. 111-127. Tsui, J. C. (2014). Breaking Free do the Prison Paradigm: Integrating Restorative Justice Techniques into Chicago's Juvenile Justice System.J. Crim. L. Criminology,104, P. 635. Vaandering, D. (2014). Implementing restorative justice practice in schools: What pedagogy reveals.Journal of Peace Education,11(1), pp. 64-80. Ward, T., Fox, K. J., Garber, M. (2014). Restorative justice, offender rehabilitation and desistance.Restorative Justice,2(1), 24-42. Weller, P. (2014). Reconsidering legal capacity: radical critiques, governmentality and dividing practice.Griffith Law Review,23(3), pp. 498-518.

Technological impact of the Samsung NC215S Netbook

Introduction Samsung electronics launched the Samsung NC215S Netbook in various places around the world in the past recent months. While many netbooks and laptops have been launched with great technological features, the thing that sets this Netbook apart from others is that its lid carries a solar panel on the top that allows the Netbook to charge from the power of the sun. The netbooks come with standard features found in other similar products and has received very good reception around the world especially in places like Africa where electricity is limited. This paper is a discussion of the technological impact of the Samsung NC215S Netbook on customers.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Technological impact of the Samsung NC215S Netbook specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Launch of the Samsung NC215S Netbook Samsung NC215S Netbook Initially, Samsung had announced they would launch the product in June of 2011. Before that, they advertised the Netbook as a revolutionary product, which would bring access to computers and the internet to millions of people living without electricity. Early advertising and delay in unveiling of products creates a good platform for launching them as they are eagerly awaited by excited customers (Regan and O’Connor, 2002). When it was finally launched in August 2011, the reception was very good and sales are reported to be climbing fast. Samsung focused on key African Cities where many people are not connected to electricity. The selling point was the obvious hassle free computer and internet use from anywhere be it in the office, home or in the bush (Mutua, 2011). In addition, the product is available across the world in India, Russia, the USA and many other places. Clearly, added value of the product comes from the flexibility it allows its users and the ability to use a computer where there is no electricity. This is a boon for not only people w ho do not have access to electricity but also those professionals and business people who spend a lot of time in the field where they need to use their computers and smart phones. In addition to that, as the world’s consciousness moves towards sustainable strategies of living to combat climate change, the product appeals to many who subscribe to environmental ideals because solar energy is sustainable. With a fully charged battery lasting 14 hours and a two-hour charge lasting an hour, clearly the product is technologically a revolutionary one. For many customers, the appeal of solar charging was great but there were many questions about the performance of the Netbook itself. Fitted with a 1.66Ghz dual core atom N570 processor, WI-FI, Bluetooth, 10.1 inch display 250 GB hard drive and 1GB of RAM, the machine not only mobility and flexibility but also superior performance. For those worried whether it can be used out in the open, the display is super bright and anti reflective meaning, it can be used in whatever conditions brightly and clearly without straining (Samsung, 2011). Samsung, already a leader in electronics and digital media has clearly set itself apart from other companies. It improves its ratings in the crowded field of computers and digital media where a slight positive difference could make all the difference.Advertising Looking for research paper on computer science? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion Quite evidently, the Samsung NC215S Netbook has had a great impact on customers on the technological front. Being the first Netbook to operate fully on solar power, it comes as a reprieve to millions of eager computer users who are limited by their inability to access electricity. It offers mobility and top performance for busy people working out of office and has clearly set apart Samsung from other companies due to its unique features and all round performance. References Mut ua W. (2011). Devices for Africa: Samsung solar netbook video review. Web. Samsung Electronics. (2011). Samsung launches the world’s first Solar Powered 10† Netbook. Web. Regan, Elizabeth A. O’Connor, Bridget N. (2002). End-user information systems: Implementing Individual and work group technologies, (2nd Edn.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. This research paper on Technological impact of the Samsung NC215S Netbook was written and submitted by user Samson Barton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.